Evidence-based medicine reference
Rates drug efficacy and safety based on international guidelines and current evidence
Ganzoni formula calculator: iron deficit in mg for anemia treatment
Total iron deficit in mg by the Ganzoni formula (1970) from body weight, actual and target haemoglobin and iron stores. The result is the cumulative dose of intravenous iron.
Ganzoni AM. Intravenous iron-dextran: therapeutic and experimental possibilities. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1970;100:1748-1751. Target haemoglobin and iron stores: AEMPS, ficha técnica Venofer 20 mg/ml, registration no. 64000, section 4.2. Iron requirement table, single and weekly dose limits and the pregnancy section: AEMPS, ficha técnica Ferinject 50 mg/ml, registration no. 69771, sections 4.2.1 and 4.6.1.
Glucocorticoid equivalent dose calculator: prednisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone
Convert any glucocorticoid dose to equivalents of any other: hydrocortisone, prednisone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone.
Williams Textbook of Endocrinology 14th ed, 2020. AEMPS fichas técnicas.
Dose and concentration converter: % to mg/mL, mEq to mg, IU to mcg, mg to drops
Convert solution strength from percent and 1:1000 ratios to mg/mL, a dose to milliliters, electrolytes from mEq to grams of salt and milliliters of vials, vitamins D, A and E from IU to µg and mg, milligrams of Spanish drops, heparins and children's suspensions to drops, mL and IU, inhaler micrograms to puffs, injection milligrams to milliliters and ampoules, and spray and gel milligrams to sprays, pump presses and sachets. Weight, height and temperature are here too
AEMPS, CIMA: summaries of product characteristics (ficha técnica) of Cloruro de potasio Braun 1 and 2 mEq/ml, Cloruro de sodio B. Braun 20%, Bicarbonato sódico 1M Grifols, Suplecal, Cloruro de calcio Braun 100 mg/ml, Sulmetin Simple, Hidroferol, Deltius, Auxina A Masiva and Auxina E. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. National Academies Press; 2000. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. National Academies Press; 2001. Thompson A, Taylor BN. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811; 2008. AEMPS, CIMA: summaries of product characteristics (ficha técnica), sections 2, 4.2 and 6.5, of Tramadol Viatris 100 mg/ml (62925), Tramadol VIR 100 mg/ml (72399), Adolonta 100 mg/ml (61617), Tramadol Andrómaco 100 mg/ml (83759), Metalgial 500 mg/ml (72149), Metamizol Normon 500 mg/ml (83494), Haloperidol Prodes 2 mg/ml (33488), Haloperidol Esteve 2 mg/ml (58355), Rivotril 2,5 mg/ml (52333), Trankimazin 0,75 mg/ml (64079), Noctamid 2,5 mg/ml (63332), Sinogan 40 mg/ml (38211), Largactil 40 mg/ml (23661), Cipralex (68811), Esertia (68875), Escitalopram Cinfa (76398), Escitalopram Kern Pharma (76413), Diprex (78235) and Essential (78237) 20 mg/ml, Brintellix 20 mg/ml (113891036), Daparox 33 mg/ml (69917), Clopixol 20 mg/ml (60871), Tiaprizal 12 mg/ml (54264), Variargil 40 mg/ml (40002), Dezacor (61049) and Zamene (61050) 22,75 mg/ml, Estilsona 7 mg/ml (47546), Betametasona Sonphar 0,5 mg/ml (80594), Deltius (78380), Thorens (82412), Devik (86294), Denolix (84727) and Colecalciferol Normon (89368) 10.000 UI/ml, Vitamina D3 Fresenius Kabi 14.400 UI/ml (86003), Etalpha 2 microgramos/ml (55906), Oramorph 2 and 20 mg/ml (62039, 62040), Tosidrin 10 mg/ml (30982), Clexane (58502, 63000), Inhixa (1161132001, 1161132069), Enoxaparina Rovi (82490, 82491), Enoxaparina Ledraxen (84424), Hibor (61908, 64164), Innohep (77339, 77153), Fragmin (58536, 89772), Heparina sódica Rovi (58691) and Heparina sódica Sala (56465). AEMPS, CIMA: summaries of product characteristics (ficha técnica), sections 2, 4.2, 6.5 and 6.6, of pediatric oral suspensions and solutions: Apiretal 100 mg/ml (49302), Apiredol 100 mg/ml (69955), Paracetamol Level 100 mg/ml (68318), Gelocatil Pediátrico 100 mg/ml (57131), Dolostop Pediátrico 100 mg/ml (78837), Paracetamol Kern Pharma 100 mg/ml (69429), Paracetamol Normon 100 mg/ml (89145), Dalsy 20 mg/ml (59166), Dalsy 40 mg/ml (69726), Nurofen Pediátrico 20 mg/ml (78530), Nurofen Pediátrico 40 mg/ml (78466), Ibuprofeno Cinfa 20 mg/ml (66020), Ibuprofeno Cinfa 40 mg/ml (77857), Amoxicilina Ardine 125 mg/5 ml (52373), Amoxicilina Ardine 250 mg/5 ml (53626), Amoxicilina Normon 250 mg/5 ml (63354), Amoxicilina Sandoz 250 mg/5 ml (62459), Amoxicilina Sandoz Farmacéutica 250 mg/5 ml (89319), Augmentine 100 mg/ml + 12,5 mg/ml (59051), Ardineclav 100/12,5 mg/ml (70121), Amoxicilina/Ácido clavulánico Sandoz 100/12,5 mg/ml (89514), Amoxicilina/Ácido clavulánico Normon 125/31,25 mg/5 ml (64111), Amoxicilina/Ácido clavulánico Viatris 125/31,25 mg/5 ml (63212), Amoxicilina/Ácido clavulánico Sandoz 250/62,5 mg/5 ml (62800), Amoxicilina/Ácido clavulánico Viatris 250/62,5 mg/5 ml (63214), Zitromax 200 mg/5 ml (59615), Azitromicina Kern Pharma 200 mg/5 ml (65549), Azitromicina Viatris 200 mg/5 ml (65562), Aratro 200 mg/5 ml (65643), Azitromicina Sandoz 200 mg/5 ml (71180), Azitromicina Teva 200 mg/5 ml (69516), Claritromicina Sandoz 25 mg/ml (66388), Zinnat 250 mg/5 ml (62806), Denvar 100 mg/5 ml (59733), Septrin Pediátrico 8 mg/40 mg/ml (48671), Diflucan 10 mg/ml (59672), Diflucan 40 mg/ml (59673), Loitin 10 mg/ml (62933), Loitin 40 mg/ml (62931) and Zovirax 400 mg/5 ml (59226). AEMPS, CIMA: summaries of product characteristics (ficha técnica), sections 2, 4.2, 6.5 and 6.6, of inhalers and nebulizer solutions: Ventolin 100 µg (53010), Ventoaldo (52404), Salbutamol Aldo-Unión (65850), Ventolin 5 mg/ml (55147), Salbuair 2,5 mg (73563), Salbuair 5 mg (73562), Atrovent 20 µg (54674), Atroaldo (72581), Prayela (79736), Atrovent monodosis 250 mcg/2 ml (61185), Atrovent monodosis 500 mcg/2 ml (61184), Bromuro de ipratropio Aldo-Unión 250 µg/ml (67561), Bromuro de ipratropio Aldo-Unión 500 µg (70939), Pulmicort 0,25 mg/ml (59298), Pulmicort 0,50 mg/ml (59297), Budena 0,25 mg/ml (85219), Budena 0,5 mg/ml (85220), Budesonida Aldo-Unión 0,25 mg/ml (66943), Budesonida Aldo-Unión 0,5 mg/ml (66942), Pulmicort Turbuhaler 100 (62046), Pulmicort Turbuhaler 200 (59254), Pulmicort Turbuhaler 400 (59255), Flixotide (60477), Flixotide Accuhaler (60480), Flusonal (60525), Flusonal Accuhaler (60528), Terbasmin Turbuhaler (58859), Symbicort Turbuhaler 160/4,5 (63958), Symbicort Forte Turbuhaler 320/9 (65044), Rilast Turbuhaler 160/4,5 (64353), Rilast Forte Turbuhaler 320/9 (65045), Foster 100/6 (68802), Formodual 100/6 (68809), Oxis Turbuhaler 4,5 (61666), Oxis Turbuhaler 9 (61667), Spiriva 18 µg (64796), Tavulus 18 µg (85978), Braltus 10 µg (80981), Gregal 10 µg (80980) and Spiriva Respimat (69589). AEMPS, CIMA: summaries of product characteristics (ficha técnica), sections 2, 4.2, 6.5 and 6.6, of injectables for pain relief and sedation: Morfina B. Braun 1 mg/ml (82748), Morfina B. Braun 10 mg/ml (42221), Morfina B. Braun 20 mg/ml (42592), Morfina B. Braun 40 mg/ml (82750), Morfina Serra 10 mg/ml (37473), Morfina Serra 20 mg/ml (37472), Fentanest 0,05 mg/ml (41764), Fentanilo Basi 50 microgramos/ml (88464), Fentanilo Kalceks 50 microgramos/ml (85456), Adolonta 100 mg/2 ml (59086), Tramadol Normon 100 mg/2 ml (63734), Tramadol Krka 100 mg/2 ml (83132), Tramadol Basi 50 mg/ml (89204), Tramadol Andromaco 100 mg/2 ml (83760), Nolotil 0,4 g/ml (42304), Metamizol Normon 0,4 g/ml (63430), Metamizol Basi 500 mg/ml (88872), Midazolam Normon 1 mg/ml (63936), Midazolam Normon 5 mg/ml (65796), Midazolam Serraclinics 1 mg/ml (65318), Midazolam Serraclinics 5 mg/ml (65314), Midazolam B. Braun 5 mg/ml (68903), Valium 5 mg/ml (39943), Diazepam Basi 5 mg/ml (89559), Ketolar 50 mg/ml (47034), Diprivan 20 mg/ml (60744), Propofol Lipuro 5 mg/ml (70956), Propofol Lipuro 10 mg/ml (62953), Propofol Lipuro 20 mg/ml (64868), Propofol Lipoven Fresenius 10 mg/ml (67164), Propofol Lipoven Fresenius 20 mg/ml (67216), Lidocaína B. Braun 10 mg/ml (44793), Lidocaína B. Braun 20 mg/ml (44792), Lidocaína B. Braun 50 mg/ml (37714), Lidocaína Normon 20 mg/ml (69208), Lidocaína Kabi 10 mg/ml (83925), Lidocaína Aguettant 20 mg/ml jeringa precargada (83734), Bupivacaína Physan 2,5 mg/ml (57109), Bupivacaína Physan 5 mg/ml (57110), Bupivacaína Physan 7,5 mg/ml (58023), Bupivacaína B. Braun 5 mg/ml (62411), Bupivacaína B. Braun 7,5 mg/ml (62409), Bupivacaína Hiperbárica Physan 5 mg/ml (62163), Bupivacaína Hiperbárica B. Braun 5 mg/ml (61555), Bupivacaína Hiperbárica B. Braun 5 mg/ml Mini-Plasco (65076), Haloperidol Esteve 5 mg/ml (58345), Naloxona B. Braun 0,4 mg/ml (69533), Naloxona Kern Pharma 0,4 mg/ml (54276), Fomed 0,4 mg/ml (82819), Anexate 0,5 mg/5 ml (57806), Anexate 1 mg/10 ml (57807), Flumazenil Altan 0,1 mg/ml (68190), Flumazenil B. Braun 0,1 mg/ml (69020), Flumazenilo Fresenius Kabi 0,1 mg/ml (67260), Flumazenilo Hikma 0,1 mg/ml (82049), Paracetamol B. Braun 10 mg/ml (75594), Paracetamol Kabi 10 mg/ml (74477), Paracetamol Altan 10 mg/ml (68474), Paracetamol Normon 10 mg/ml (71530), Supofen 10 mg/ml (88987), Enantyum 50 mg/2 ml (64887), Dexketoprofeno Normon 50 mg/2 ml (77504), Voltaren 75 mg (55010), Dolotren 75 mg (57204), Dagesil 75 mg/3 ml (89081), Toradol 30 mg/1 ml (58976) and Ketorolaco Trometamol Normon 30 mg/ml (70102). AEMPS, CIMA: summaries of product characteristics (ficha técnica), sections 2, 4.2, 6.5 and 6.6, of injectable drugs for the heart and circulation: Adrenalina B. Braun 1 mg/ml (68552), Adrenalina Basi 1 mg/ml (89175), Adrenalina Bradex 1 mg/ml (81446), Adrenalina Ethypharm 1 mg/ml (85059), Adrenalina Level 1 mg/ml (35403), Adrenalina Aguettant 0,1 mg/ml (80831), Noradrenalina B. Braun 0,5 mg/ml (62002), Noradrenalina Normon 0,5 mg/ml (70000), Noradrenalina Aguettant 1 mg/ml (89669), Noradrenalina Kalceks 1 mg/ml (85228), Norages 1 mg/ml (67043), Noradrenalina Altan 0,04 mg/ml (89183), Vipranop 5 microgramos/ml (86439), Dopamina Grifols 200 mg (55454), Dopamina Basi 40 mg/ml (90395), Neoatricon 1,5 mg/ml (1241804001), Neoatricon 4,5 mg/ml (1241804002), Dobutamina Hikma 12,5 mg/ml (85914), Atropina B. Braun 1 mg/ml (27535), Atropina Sulfato Serra Pamies 1 mg/ml (43064), Atropina Aguettant 0,1 mg/ml (81510), Atropina Aguettant 0,2 mg/ml (81513), Atropina Accord 0,1 mg/ml (85535), Trangorex 150 mg/3 ml (54723), Adenocor 6 mg/2 ml (60375), Adenosina Hikma 6 mg/2 ml (86371), Adenosina Kabi 3 mg/ml (81604), Adenoscan 30 mg/10 ml (61732), Solinitrina Fuerte 5 mg/ml (57127), Trandate 5 mg/ml (55318), Labetalol S.A.L.F. 5 mg/ml (89082), Urapidil Accord 5 mg/ml (76741), Urapidil Kalceks 5 mg/ml (85873), Seguril 20 mg/2 ml (39968), Seguril 250 mg/25 ml (56508), Furosemida Physan 20 mg/2 ml (62168), Furosemida Fresenius Kabi 20 mg/2 ml (69097), Furosemida Altan 250 mg/25 ml (68258), Digoxina Kern Pharma 0,25 mg/ml (34753), Brevibloc 10 mg/ml solución inyectable (72349), Brevibloc 10 mg/ml solución para perfusión (72608), Aleudrina 0,2 mg/ml (47131) and Labrycor 0,2 mg/ml (89777). AEMPS, CIMA: summaries of product characteristics (ficha técnica), sections 2, 4.2, 6.5 and 6.6, of other injectable drugs: Glucocemin 33% (74778), Glucocemin 50% (74781), Amchafibrin 500 mg (53939), Ácido tranexámico Viatris 100 mg/ml (90522), Medsamic 100 mg/ml (86353), Fortecortin 4 mg/ml (36225), Fortecortin 40 mg/5 ml (57036), Dexametasona Kern Pharma 4 mg/ml (67455), Dexametasona Kern Pharma 7,2 mg (85636), Dexametasona Kalceks 4 mg/ml (86438), Dexametasona Medochemie 4 mg/ml (88798), Zofran 4 mg (59071), Ondansetron Accord 2 mg/ml (72117), Ondansetron Normon 4 mg/2 ml (69380), Ondansetron Normon 8 mg/4 ml (69381), Ondansetron B. Braun 0,08 mg/ml (81830), Ondansetron B. Braun 0,16 mg/ml (81829), Primperan 10 mg/2 ml (40256), Metoclopramida Basi 5 mg/ml (89715), Metoclopramida Kern Pharma 5 mg/ml (78556), Polaramine 5 mg/ml (40135), Dexclorfeniramina Maleato Accord 5 mg/ml (75389), Buscopresc 20 mg (18220), Butilescopolamina Kalceks 20 mg/ml (86236), Konakion 10 mg/ml (27262), Konakion 2 mg/0,2 ml Pediátrico (21610), Optovite B12 1.000 microgramos (48877), Hidroxocobalamina Basi 1 mg/ml (88743), Megamilbedoce 5.000 microgramos/ml (46090), Cyanokit 5 g (07420002), Benerva 100 mg/ml (17464), Syntocinon 10 UI/ml (39393), Oxitocina Grindeks 10 UI/ml (83282), Keppra 100 mg/ml concentrado (100146033), Levetiracetam Normon 100 mg/ml (76285), Levetiracetam Kern Pharma 100 mg/ml (77759), Levetiracetam Altan 100 mg/ml (76325), Levetiracetam Normon 5 mg/ml solución para perfusión (78756), Fenitoína Altan 50 mg/ml (65372) and Fenitoína Rubió 50 mg/ml (56245). AEMPS, CIMA: summaries of product characteristics (ficha técnica), sections 2, 4.2, 5.2 and 6.5, of sprays, gels, buccal and rectal forms: Buccolam 2,5 mg (11709001), Buccolam 5 mg (11709002), Buccolam 7,5 mg (11709003), Buccolam 10 mg (11709004), Oroxelam 2,5 mg (85757), Oroxelam 5 mg (85758), Oroxelam 7,5 mg (85759), Oroxelam 10 mg (85756), Stesolid 5 mg (58001), Stesolid 10 mg (58000), PecFent 100 microgramos/pulverización (10644001), PecFent 400 microgramos/pulverización (10644003), Nasonex 50 microgramos (61905), Momcort 50 microgramos/pulverización (82795), Mometasona Sandoz 50 microgramos/dosis (76859), Mometasona Furoato Teva 50 microgramos (77974), Nasoaldo 50 microgramos/pulsación (80572), Flixonase 50 microgramos/pulverización (60483), Rhinovin Alergia 50 microgramos/pulverización (79947), Fluticasona Teva 50 microgramos (67852), Avamys 27,5 microgramos/pulverización (07434003), Avancort 27,5 microgramos/pulverización (89779), Fluticasona Teva 27,5 microgramos/pulverización (89694), Furamist 27,5 microgramos/pulverización (89998), Rhinocort 64 microgramos (64730), Budena 64 microgramos (68584), Budesonida Aldo-Unión 64 microgramos (68406), Budesonida Nasal Aldo-Unión 100 microgramos/dosis (61670), Budesonida Alcon 50 microgramos/dosis (59533), Budesonida Alcon 100 microgramos/dosis (60537), Minurin 0,1 mg/ml solución para pulverización nasal (58566), Octostim 1,5 mg/ml (62821), Wetirin 0,1 mg (65911), Wetirin 0,2 mg (65910), Desmopresina Teva 0,2 mg (71385), Minurin Flas 60 microgramos (68267), Minurin Flas 120 microgramos (68268), Minurin Flas 240 microgramos (68269), Desmopresina Teva 120 microgramos sublingual (89000), Desmopresina Sandoz 120 microgramos sublingual (89016), Desmopresina Stada 120 microgramos sublingual (89642), Testogel 50 mg (65016), Testavan 20 mg/g (83339), Itnogen 20 mg/g (68348), Oestraclin 0,6 mg/g (59577), Xilonibsa 10 mg/pulsación (56741) and Trinispray 0,4 mg/0,05 ml (56574).
Lab unit converter: mg/dL to mmol/L, ng/mL to nmol/L and more for 175 tests
Convert lab results from mg/dL to mmol/L, from ng/mL to nmol/L and back. The list covers 175 tests: glucose, HbA1c, lipids, creatinine, CRP, troponin, NT-proBNP, D-dimer, blood gases in kPa and mmHg, 24-hour urine in mg/24 h and mmol/24 h, hormones, vitamins and drug levels such as valproate and tacrolimus
Christiansen S, Iverson C, Flanagin A, et al. AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors. 11th ed. Oxford University Press; 2020. SI Conversion Calculator. Hoelzel W, Weykamp C, Jeppsson JO, et al. Clin Chem 2004;50(1):166-174. Knopp JL, Holder-Pearson L, Chase JG. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2019;13(3):597-600. WHO 3rd International Standard for Prolactin, NIBSC code 84/500. Young DS. Implementation of SI units for clinical laboratory data. Ann Intern Med 1987;106(1):114-129. KDIGO 2012 CKD Guideline. Kidney Int Suppl 2013;3(1):19-62. KDIGO 2024 CKD Guideline. Kidney Int 2024;105(4S):S117-S314. KDIGO 2017 CKD-MBD Guideline Update. Kidney Int Suppl 2017;7(1):1-59. Moser KA. D-dimer: common assay, challenges abound, caution advised. J Appl Lab Med 2019;3(5):756-759. Roche Diagnostics, method sheets for Elecsys proBNP II and Elecsys AMH Plus. MSD Manual Professional Version. Medical calculators: SI units, clinical chemistry. Labcorp. SI Unit Conversion Table. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement: standards for the diagnosis and management of individuals with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168(7):818-900. Clemmons DR. Consensus statement on the standardization and evaluation of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor assays. Clin Chem 2011;57(4):555-559. Müller A, Scholz M, Blankenstein O, et al. Harmonization of growth hormone measurements with different immunoassays by data adjustment. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011;49(7):1135-1142. Thorpe SJ, Heath A, Fox B, et al. The 3rd International Standard for serum IgE. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014;52(9):1283-1289. Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, et al. The management of primary aldosteronism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101(5):1889-1916. Schumann G, et al. IFCC primary reference procedures for the measurement of catalytic activity concentrations of enzymes at 37 °C. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002;40(6):635-642. Rosner W, Auchus RJ, Azziz R, et al. Utility, limitations, and pitfalls in measuring testosterone: an Endocrine Society position statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92(2):405-413. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, Mak V. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax 2017;72(Suppl 1):ii1-ii90. EAU Guidelines on Urolithiasis. European Association of Urology; 2025. Metabolic evaluation. MHRA. Medical Device Alert MDA/2017/018: All metal-on-metal (MoM) hip replacements: updated advice for follow-up of patients. 2017. WHO 1st International Standard for alpha-fetoprotein, NIBSC code 72/225, and 2nd International Standard, code 22/216. Hiemke C, Bergemann N, Clement HW, et al. Consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in neuropsychopharmacology: update 2017. Pharmacopsychiatry 2018;51(1-02):9-62. Blanchette VS, Key NS, Ljung LR, et al. Definitions in hemophilia: communication from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 2014;12(11):1935-1939. European Association for Study of Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Wilson's disease. J Hepatol 2012;56(3):671-685. van Spronsen FJ, van Wegberg AM, Ahring K, et al. Key European guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with phenylketonuria. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017;5(9):743-756. Mayo Clinic Laboratories. SI unit sample report: Catecholamine Fractionation, Free, 24 Hour, Urine. 2018.
St John's wort (Hypericum) preparations induce CYP3A4, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and P-glycoprotein, and hyperforin does this dose-dependently. Other drugs may then be eliminated faster, and their plasma levels fall (St John's wort monograph, European Medicines Agency, EMA). Liver enzymes, mainly CYP2C9, metabolise acenocoumarol, and inducers of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 can reduce its anticoagulant effect (acenocoumarol summary of product characteristics, SmPC, Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices, AEMPS). The Spanish SmPC of a St John's wort product names acenocoumarol together with warfarin. For both, plasma levels fall, the anticoagulant effect weakens and there is a risk of treatment failure. The anticoagulant dose has to be increased (St John's wort SmPC, AEMPS). The SmPC of a generic acenocoumarol adds that the interaction has been described with warfarin and phenprocoumon and cannot be excluded for acenocoumarol (generic acenocoumarol SmPC, AEMPS).
Acenocoumarol is a coumarin derivative and vitamin K antagonist, and in the liver CYP2C9 is the main enzyme that metabolises it (acenocoumarol summary of product characteristics, SmPC, Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices, AEMPS). Amiodarone and its metabolite desethylamiodarone inhibit CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. According to the Spanish amiodarone SmPCs, amiodarone raises the levels of coumarin oral anticoagulants and can potentiate their effect (amiodarone SmPCs, AEMPS). The acenocoumarol SmPCs, both the originator and a generic, also list amiodarone among drugs that can potentiate its anticoagulant effect (acenocoumarol SmPCs, AEMPS). For warfarin, the US amiodarone label reports a 100% rise in prothrombin time after 3–4 days of combined use (amiodarone prescribing information, US Food and Drug Administration, FDA). The documents give no such figures for acenocoumarol.
Frequently consulted
Calculators
- Ganzoni formula calculator: iron deficit in mg for anemia treatment
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- Free water deficit calculator for hypernatraemia: Adrogue-Madias formula
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- Body surface area (BSA) calculator online: DuBois and Mosteller formulas
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Five evidence tiers. From A – first-line in international guidelines – to F – proven harm How we rate →